What Does the Iran War Mean for Emerging Markets?

In a volatile period, we believe emerging markets’ stronger fundamentals will shine through the noise.

Conflict in the Middle East—and the resulting energy shock—has raised concerns for emerging markets. Given the breadth of the asset class, we expect implications to vary across countries and issuers, reflecting whether economies are energy exporters or importers, roles in AI supply chains, and supply-chain adaptability. Overall, however, our analysis reveals that emerging markets face the current crisis from a position of strength.

Indeed, more credible economic policies, improved governance, lower fixed-income risk premiums and reduced susceptibility to inflation all point to emerging markets’ increasing convergence with developed markets. In addition, emerging countries’ potential growth rates look robust compared with many developed peers.

Yet, in capital markets, a headline-driven, volatile environment is creating greater dispersion across emerging-market countries, sectors and companies. We believe the emerging world’s enormous breadth offers meaningful opportunity to find countries and securities whose valuations have become disconnected from fundamentals.

The US Dollar Remains Central to the Overall Outlook

A weakening US dollar remains central to a positive emerging-market outlook, because emerging countries’ hard-currency debts are mostly denominated in dollars, as are vital commodities.

The initial air strikes on Iran triggered a risk-off market phase, and with it an uptick in the US dollar. But we believe the dollar’s recent weakening trend will resume. The reason? Not only is the currency still expensive relative to history, but structural forces—including concerns about the direction of US policy—continue to drive de-dollarization.

A weaker dollar typically means easier monetary conditions, space for rate cuts in developing countries, and lower risk aversion—all favorable for emerging markets (Display).

Oil Is a Major Driver for Emerging Countries

Higher oil prices were the war’s immediate economic impact. As with most geopolitical events, the market’s initial reaction has been driven by volatility and risk aversion. What ultimately matters for fundamentals, however, is the duration of the conflict rather than the magnitude of the initial price shock. If sustained, continuing higher energy prices are likely to lift headline inflation and weigh on global growth. As a result, financial conditions quickly began to tighten when the conflict began.

Higher energy prices don’t impact every emerging economy through the same channels, but financial markets start by distinguishing between oil importers and oil exporters (Display).

To assess resilience to shocks, it’s also important to assess countries’ respective policy spaces and reserve buffers. Remittances, tourism and proximity to the conflict zone are all important considerations too, in our analysis.

Taking these factors into account, Egypt, Pakistan, Sri Lanka and Kenya appear among the most vulnerable countries, with Ecuador among the best-placed. The larger economies, such as Brazil, South Africa and Mexico, look more resilient. Latin American energy and commodity exporters are also ones to watch.

Technology Contributes to Many Emerging Economies

It’s important to keep in mind other major trends affecting emerging markets—even as the war in Iran draws headlines. Several Asian countries are central to AI supply chains, and many emerging nations globally provide AI-critical commodities, putting them in the lead in the global AI rally (Display).